Are Shyness and Peer Attachment Risk or Protective Factors for Problematic Internet Use among Adolescents?
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Abstract
Adolescents are in a developmental stage where relationships with peers become the primary source of emotional support, social identity, and self-regulation. When attachment to peers is not fulfilled, characterized by poor communication, lack of trust, and feeling alienated from peers, it causes adolescents with poor peer attachment to tend to be isolated from their peers. Thus, shyness, or the condition of feeling uncomfortable in interactions and being prone to restlessness, makes adolescents withdraw from their environment. These two conditions encourage adolescents to seek comfort through the online world, which can trigger excessive and maladaptive internet use, commonly known as Problematic Internet Use. This study uses a quantitative method with multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The data for this research were collected using random cluster sampling techniques with a sample size of 365 students from 2 (two) State Junior High Schools in Ponorogo, with sample age criteria of 13-15 years using a questionnaire that measures peer attachment, shyness, and problematic internet use. Based on the results of the multiple linear regression analysis, it shows that the significance values of peer attachment (X1) and shyness (X2) on problematic internet use (Y) are 0.000 (p < 0.01), meaning there is a very significant relationship between peer attachment and shyness with problematic internet use. This means that together, peer attachment and shyness can be very significant predictors of problematic internet use.
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How to Cite
Putri, C. A., Dyan Evita Santi, & Aliffia Ananta. (2025). Are Shyness and Peer Attachment Risk or Protective Factors for Problematic Internet Use among Adolescents? . International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 3(3), 99–105. Retrieved from https://journals.iarn.or.id/index.php/ners/article/view/501
References
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Andrianie, P. S., Purwandari, E., & Taufik. (2024). Problematic Internet Use Pada Remaja: Analisis Bibliometrik. Jurnal Psikologi, 17(1), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.35760/psi.2024.v17i1.9926
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well- being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939,
Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia. (2024). Jumlah Pengguna Internet Indonesia Tembus 221 Juta Orang. https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/apjii-jumlah- pengguna-internet-indonesia-tembus-221-juta-orang
Asyriati, R. (2020, Januari 22). Parent Attachment and Adolescent’s Problematic Internet Use: A Literature Review. Proceedings of the 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019), Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 978‑94‑6252‑889‑5, 124–128. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.027
Aydn, B., & Sar, S. V. (2011). Internet addiction among adolescents: The role of self- esteem. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3500–3505. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2011.04.325
Aydogdu, F. (2021). Developing a Peer Relationship Scale for Adolescents: a validity and reliability study. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 10(2), 164. https://doi.org/10.5114/CIPP.2021.109461
Azwar, S. (2017). Metode penelitian psikologi (Edisi II). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Ballarotto, G., Volpi, B., Marzilli, E., & Tambelli, R. (2018). Adolescent internet abuse: A study on the role of attachment to parents and peers in a large community sample. BioMed Research International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5769250
Bowlby. (1969). Attachment and loss (vol 1). attachment.
BPS. (2023). Mayoritas anak muda Indonesia gunakan internet untuk media sosial. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/teknologi- telekomunikasi/statistik/69fcdded6f50870
Busfield, J. (1996) Men, Women and Madness: Understanding Gender and Mental Disorder. London: Macmillan.
Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012
Carducci, B. J., & Golant, S. (2009). Shyness: Understanding, hope, and healing. Harper Collins
Chak, K., & Leung, L. (2004). Addiction and Internet Use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(5), 559–570. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931042403073
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1983). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(2), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022‑3514.41.2.330
Cheek, J. M., & Watson, A. K. (1989). The definition of shyness: Psychological imperialism or construct validity? Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4(1), 85–95.
Cheek, J. M., & Melchior, L. A. (1990). Shyness, self-esteem, and self-consciousness. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of social and evaluation anxiety (pp. 47–82). Plenum Press.
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Delgado, E., Serna, C., Martínez, I., & Cruise, E. (2022). Parental Attachment and Peer Relationships in Adolescence: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031064
Demetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., & Rózsa, S. (2008). The three-factor model of Internet addiction: The development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behavior Research Methods, 40(2),563–574. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.2.563
Diskominfo. (2017). Ini Tiga Motif Anak Menggunakan Internet. Kementerian Komunikasi Dan Informatika. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20170725/0221800/tiga
Gorrese, A., & Ruggieri, R. (2013). Peer attachment and self‑esteem: A meta‑analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.025
Henderson, L., & Zimbardo, P. (1998). Shyness: Development, consolidation, and change. In Shyness: Perspectives on theory, research, and treatment. Springer.
Huan, V. S., Ang, R. P., Chong, W. H., & Chye, S. (2014). The impact of shyness on problematic internet use: The role of loneliness. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 148(6), 699–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2013.825229
Idriyani, Azizah, & Solicha. (2022). Problematic Internet Use and Analysis Factor Affecting with Multiple Regression,". International Conference on Science and Technology (ICOSTECH), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOSTECH54296.2022.9829073
Jones, W. H., & Russell, D. (1983). The Social Reticence Scale: An Objective Instrument to Measure Shyness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46(6), 629– 631. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4606_12
Karimpoor, S., Ali, M., Chobegloo, M., Alizadeh, S., & Talebi, B. (2013). Comparing Internet Addiction , Feeling of Loneliness , and Educational Progress in Psychologically Healthy and At- Risk People. 19(1), 88–94.
Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia. (2025). Data induk peserta didik aktif SMP/Sederajat di Kabupaten Ponorogo, Jawa Timur. Data Kemdikdasmen.https://data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/data- induk/pd/search?s=ponorogo+smp
Kim H, Min J, Min K, Lee T, & Yoo S. (2018). Relationship among family environment, self-control, friendship quality, and adolescents’ smartphone addiction in South Korea: Findings from nationwide data.PLoS ONE[revista en internet] 2018 [acceso 09 de junio del 2020]; 13(2): 1-13. Researc Article : Family Environment and Adolescents’ Smartphone Overuse Ministry, 13(2), 1– 13. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190896 &type=printable
Kumparan. (2023). Kecanduan internet bikin anak-anak dirawat di rumah sakit. Kumparan.Com. https://kumparan.com.
Liu, Y., Zhang, J., & Wang, M. (2023). Childhood neglect and problematic smartphone use among Chinese young adults: The mediating roles of peer attachment and fear of missing out. BMC Psychology, 11, 303. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01326-9
Mangunhardjana, A. (2005). Faktor-faktor penyebab perilaku malu (shyness) pada anak dan remaja. [Unpublished manuscript]. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Manurung. (2022). Memperkecil dampak negatif sosial media terhadap identitas diri remaja. Areopagus: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Teologi Kristen, 18(1).
McCroskey, J. C. (1984). The communication apprehension perspective. In J. A. Daly & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Avoiding Communication: Shyness, Reticence, and Communication Apprehension (pp. 13–38). Sage Publications.
Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(6), 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(03)00040-2
Mukti R, Y., & Bustan, R. (2024). The Urge of Parents’ Role: The Contributions of Parent and Peer Attachment to Adolescent’s Problematic Internet Use (PIU). Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 9(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v9i1.5138
Neuferd. (2004). Hold On to Your Kids: Why Parents Need to Matter More Than Peers. Ballantine Books.
Noviana, S., & Sakti, H. (2015). Hubungan antara peer attachment dengan penerimaan diri pada siswa‑siswi akselerasi. Jurnal EMPATI, 4(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2015.14901
Öztürk, C., Bektas, M., Ayar, D., Özgüven Öztornaci, B., & Yaʇci, D. (2015). Association of Personality Traits and Risk of Internet Addiction in Adolescents. Asian Nursing Research, 9(2), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2015.01.001
Reiner, I., Tibubos, A. N., Hardt, J., Müller, K., Wölfling, K., & Beutel, M. E. (2017). Peer attachment, specific patterns of internet use and Problematic Internet Use in male and female adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(10), 1257–1268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0984-0
Rubama, N. C., & Nugrahawati, E. N. (2023). Pengaruh Parent dan Peer Attachment terhadap Problematic Internet Use pada Mahasiswa di Kota Bandung. Bandung Conference Series: Psychology Science, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsps.v3i1.5600
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642
Scealy, M., Phillips, J. G., & Stevenson, R. (2002). Shyness and anxiety as predictors of patterns of internet usage. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5(6), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102321018141
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Semiawan. (1999). Rekonstruksi Pendidikan: Perspektif Sumber Daya Manusia Unggul. Grasindo.
Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1–3), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165- 0327(99)00107-X
Song, X. Y. (2019). Relationship between shyness and generalized pathological Internet use among Chinese school students: The serial mediating roles of loneliness, depression, and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Artikel 1822. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01822
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Andrianie, P. S., Purwandari, E., & Taufik. (2024). Problematic Internet Use Pada Remaja: Analisis Bibliometrik. Jurnal Psikologi, 17(1), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.35760/psi.2024.v17i1.9926
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well- being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939,
Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia. (2024). Jumlah Pengguna Internet Indonesia Tembus 221 Juta Orang. https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/apjii-jumlah- pengguna-internet-indonesia-tembus-221-juta-orang
Asyriati, R. (2020, Januari 22). Parent Attachment and Adolescent’s Problematic Internet Use: A Literature Review. Proceedings of the 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019), Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 978‑94‑6252‑889‑5, 124–128. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.027
Aydn, B., & Sar, S. V. (2011). Internet addiction among adolescents: The role of self- esteem. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3500–3505. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2011.04.325
Aydogdu, F. (2021). Developing a Peer Relationship Scale for Adolescents: a validity and reliability study. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 10(2), 164. https://doi.org/10.5114/CIPP.2021.109461
Azwar, S. (2017). Metode penelitian psikologi (Edisi II). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Ballarotto, G., Volpi, B., Marzilli, E., & Tambelli, R. (2018). Adolescent internet abuse: A study on the role of attachment to parents and peers in a large community sample. BioMed Research International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5769250
Bowlby. (1969). Attachment and loss (vol 1). attachment.
BPS. (2023). Mayoritas anak muda Indonesia gunakan internet untuk media sosial. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/teknologi- telekomunikasi/statistik/69fcdded6f50870
Busfield, J. (1996) Men, Women and Madness: Understanding Gender and Mental Disorder. London: Macmillan.
Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012
Carducci, B. J., & Golant, S. (2009). Shyness: Understanding, hope, and healing. Harper Collins
Chak, K., & Leung, L. (2004). Addiction and Internet Use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(5), 559–570. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931042403073
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1983). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(2), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022‑3514.41.2.330
Cheek, J. M., & Watson, A. K. (1989). The definition of shyness: Psychological imperialism or construct validity? Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4(1), 85–95.
Cheek, J. M., & Melchior, L. A. (1990). Shyness, self-esteem, and self-consciousness. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of social and evaluation anxiety (pp. 47–82). Plenum Press.
DataReportal. (2025, Februari). Digital 2025: Indonesia. We Are Social & Meltwater. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-indonesia
Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747- 5632(00)00041-8
Delgado, E., Serna, C., Martínez, I., & Cruise, E. (2022). Parental Attachment and Peer Relationships in Adolescence: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031064
Demetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., & Rózsa, S. (2008). The three-factor model of Internet addiction: The development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behavior Research Methods, 40(2),563–574. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.2.563
Diskominfo. (2017). Ini Tiga Motif Anak Menggunakan Internet. Kementerian Komunikasi Dan Informatika. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20170725/0221800/tiga
Gorrese, A., & Ruggieri, R. (2013). Peer attachment and self‑esteem: A meta‑analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.025
Henderson, L., & Zimbardo, P. (1998). Shyness: Development, consolidation, and change. In Shyness: Perspectives on theory, research, and treatment. Springer.
Huan, V. S., Ang, R. P., Chong, W. H., & Chye, S. (2014). The impact of shyness on problematic internet use: The role of loneliness. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 148(6), 699–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2013.825229
Idriyani, Azizah, & Solicha. (2022). Problematic Internet Use and Analysis Factor Affecting with Multiple Regression,". International Conference on Science and Technology (ICOSTECH), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOSTECH54296.2022.9829073
Jones, W. H., & Russell, D. (1983). The Social Reticence Scale: An Objective Instrument to Measure Shyness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46(6), 629– 631. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4606_12
Karimpoor, S., Ali, M., Chobegloo, M., Alizadeh, S., & Talebi, B. (2013). Comparing Internet Addiction , Feeling of Loneliness , and Educational Progress in Psychologically Healthy and At- Risk People. 19(1), 88–94.
Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia. (2025). Data induk peserta didik aktif SMP/Sederajat di Kabupaten Ponorogo, Jawa Timur. Data Kemdikdasmen.https://data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/data- induk/pd/search?s=ponorogo+smp
Kim H, Min J, Min K, Lee T, & Yoo S. (2018). Relationship among family environment, self-control, friendship quality, and adolescents’ smartphone addiction in South Korea: Findings from nationwide data.PLoS ONE[revista en internet] 2018 [acceso 09 de junio del 2020]; 13(2): 1-13. Researc Article : Family Environment and Adolescents’ Smartphone Overuse Ministry, 13(2), 1– 13. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190896 &type=printable
Kumparan. (2023). Kecanduan internet bikin anak-anak dirawat di rumah sakit. Kumparan.Com. https://kumparan.com.
Liu, Y., Zhang, J., & Wang, M. (2023). Childhood neglect and problematic smartphone use among Chinese young adults: The mediating roles of peer attachment and fear of missing out. BMC Psychology, 11, 303. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01326-9
Mangunhardjana, A. (2005). Faktor-faktor penyebab perilaku malu (shyness) pada anak dan remaja. [Unpublished manuscript]. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Manurung. (2022). Memperkecil dampak negatif sosial media terhadap identitas diri remaja. Areopagus: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Teologi Kristen, 18(1).
McCroskey, J. C. (1984). The communication apprehension perspective. In J. A. Daly & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Avoiding Communication: Shyness, Reticence, and Communication Apprehension (pp. 13–38). Sage Publications.
Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(6), 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(03)00040-2
Mukti R, Y., & Bustan, R. (2024). The Urge of Parents’ Role: The Contributions of Parent and Peer Attachment to Adolescent’s Problematic Internet Use (PIU). Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 9(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v9i1.5138
Neuferd. (2004). Hold On to Your Kids: Why Parents Need to Matter More Than Peers. Ballantine Books.
Noviana, S., & Sakti, H. (2015). Hubungan antara peer attachment dengan penerimaan diri pada siswa‑siswi akselerasi. Jurnal EMPATI, 4(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2015.14901
Öztürk, C., Bektas, M., Ayar, D., Özgüven Öztornaci, B., & Yaʇci, D. (2015). Association of Personality Traits and Risk of Internet Addiction in Adolescents. Asian Nursing Research, 9(2), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2015.01.001
Reiner, I., Tibubos, A. N., Hardt, J., Müller, K., Wölfling, K., & Beutel, M. E. (2017). Peer attachment, specific patterns of internet use and Problematic Internet Use in male and female adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(10), 1257–1268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0984-0
Rubama, N. C., & Nugrahawati, E. N. (2023). Pengaruh Parent dan Peer Attachment terhadap Problematic Internet Use pada Mahasiswa di Kota Bandung. Bandung Conference Series: Psychology Science, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsps.v3i1.5600
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642
Scealy, M., Phillips, J. G., & Stevenson, R. (2002). Shyness and anxiety as predictors of patterns of internet usage. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5(6), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102321018141
Schaefer, C. E., & Millman, H. L. (2011). How to Help Children with Common Problems. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Semiawan. (1999). Rekonstruksi Pendidikan: Perspektif Sumber Daya Manusia Unggul. Grasindo.
Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1–3), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165- 0327(99)00107-X
Song, X. Y. (2019). Relationship between shyness and generalized pathological Internet use among Chinese school students: The serial mediating roles of loneliness, depression, and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Artikel 1822. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01822
Suara. (2019). Tertinggi di Asia, 31 persen remaja di Jakarta kecanduaninternet. Suara.Com. https://www.suara.com/health/2019/11/20/060500/tertinggi-di- asia-31-persen-remaja-di-jakarta-kecanduan-internet
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